Once and for all, let’s understand extraordinary wave propagation on HF. Why does it happen and what does it mean to us? Read more

Recently, I wrote about how our magnetic field effects skywaves polarization, turning everything elliptical. Let’s dig deeper. Read more

All shortwave signals arriving at your receiver have elliptical polarization. HF skywave polarization is simply not what you think it is. Read more

Ionospheric D Layer absorption attenuates radio signals, mainly below 10 MHz. Here is how it is caused and when. Read more

You have probably heard people talk about ionosphere virtual height. What is it and why is it important for HF propagation? Read more

So, how exactly do oblique radio rays bend as they transit the ionosphere and return to earth? Let’s find out. Read more

Radio wave refraction depends on density of free electrons and frequency. Skip distance is tied to refractive index and height. Read more

Let’s understand radio waves, and how they behave is different media including solid wire, free space and plasma. Read more